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civil society
Civil society is the "aggregate of non-governmental organizations and institutions that manifest interests and will of citizens."〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Civil society - Define Civil society at Dictionary.com )〕 Civil society includes the family and the private sphere, referred to as the "third sector" of society, distinct from government and business.〔(''What is Civil Society'' ) civilsoc.org 〕 Dictionary.com's 21st Century Lexicon defines civil society as 1) the aggregate of non-governmental organizations and institutions that manifest interests and will of citizens or 2) individuals and organizations in a society which are independent of the government.〔
Sometimes the term ''civil society'' is used in the more general sense of "the elements such as freedom of speech, an independent judiciary, etc, that make up a democratic society" (''Collins English Dictionary'').〔"Civil Society". ''Collins English Dictionary - Complete and Unabridged 11th Edition''. Retrieved 2 August 2012 from CollinsDictionary.com website: http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/civil-society〕 Especially in the discussions among thinkers of Eastern and Central Europe, civil society is seen also as a concept of civic values. One widely known representative of this concept is the Polish former dissident Adam Michnik.
Volunteering is often considered a defining characteristic of the organizations that constitute civil society, which in turn are often called "NGOs", "NPOs", or CSOs. Most authorities have in mind the realm of public participation in voluntary associations, trade unions and the like,〔Concise Oxford Dictionary of Sociology, 1994:55-56〕 but it is not necessary to belong to all of these to be a part of civil society.
==Etymology==
The term ''civil society'' goes back to Aristotle's phrase ''koinōnía politikḗ'' (κοινωνία πολιτική), occurring in his ''Politics'', where it refers to a ‘community’, commensurate with the Greek city-state (''polis'') characterized by a shared set of norms and ethos, in which free citizens on an equal footing lived under the rule of law. The ''telos'' or end of civil society, thus defined, was common wellbeing (τὸ εὖ ζῆν ''tò eu zēn''), in as man was defined as a ‘political (social) animal’ (ζῷον πολιτικόν ''zōon politikón'').〔Aristotle, ''Politics'', Bk. 1 passim, esp. 1252a1–6〕〔Jean L. Cohen,''Civil Society and Political Theory,'' MIT Press, 1994 pp. 84–85.〕〔Bruno Blumenfeld ''The Political Paul: Democracy and Kingship in Paul's Thought,'' Sheffield Academic Press, 2001 pp. 45–83〕〔Michael Davis,''The Politics of Philosophy: A Commentary on Aristotle's Politics,'' Rowman & Littlefield 1996 pp. 15–32〕 Though the concept was mentioned in Roman writers, such as Cicero, it entered into Western political discourse following the translation of Aristotle’s works into Latin (''societas civilis'') by late medieval and early Renaissance writers such as William of Moerbeke and Leonardo Bruni, where it often referred to the ancient notion of a republic (''res publica''). With the rise of a distinction between monarchical autonomy and public law, the term then gained currency to denote the corporate estates (''Ständestaat'') of a feudal elite of land-holders as opposed to the powers exercised by the prince.〔Jean L. Cohen,''Civil Society and Political Theory,'' MIT Press, 1994 p.86.〕 It had a long history in state theory, and was revived with particular force in recent times, in Eastern Europe, where dissidents such as Václav Havel employed it to denote the sphere of civic associations threatened by the intrusive holistic state-dominated regimes of Communist Eastern Europe.〔Frederick W. Powell,''The Politics of Civil Society: Neoliberalism Or Social Left?,'' Policy Press, 2007. pp. 119–120, pp. 148–149.〕
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